拆解二战军舰: Difference between revisions
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This blog is about something slightly different: it's not WWII equipment being 'used' after WWII, but getting disposed after it. However considering the amount of ship scrapping after WWII, as well as all the old ships counting on the parts gained from scrapping, this is deemed to be an unavoidable topic. | This blog is about something slightly different: it's not WWII equipment being 'used' after WWII, but getting disposed after it. However considering the amount of ship scrapping after WWII, as well as all the old ships counting on the parts gained from scrapping, this is deemed to be an unavoidable topic. | ||
I | I went to the Shimizusawa coal-fired powerplant (undergoing deconstruction) recently (as of 2023-07) and there are some striking similarities between scrapping a ship and decomposing a coal powerplant. After all a 1920s coal powerplant is a lot like a WWII warship in their machinery and electronics. | ||
= 拆解二战军舰 = | = 拆解二战军舰 = |
Revision as of 02:32, 3 July 2023
Metainfo
- Original text: scrapping the warships of WWII - wwiiafterwwii
- Original publication date: 2020-09-07
- Original translation published: here
- Translation also available at:
- Source language: English
- Target language: Chinese
Translator's notes
I've been a fan of the blog wwiiafterwwii. It's a great blog about WWII equipments being used in various, usually not their war-intended roles after WWII.
This blog is about something slightly different: it's not WWII equipment being 'used' after WWII, but getting disposed after it. However considering the amount of ship scrapping after WWII, as well as all the old ships counting on the parts gained from scrapping, this is deemed to be an unavoidable topic.
I went to the Shimizusawa coal-fired powerplant (undergoing deconstruction) recently (as of 2023-07) and there are some striking similarities between scrapping a ship and decomposing a coal powerplant. After all a 1920s coal powerplant is a lot like a WWII warship in their machinery and electronics.
拆解二战军舰
我思考了很久要不要写这个主题,因为这其实并不完全是“二战装备在二战后的运用”。但我之前其实也写过二战军舰的保存、现代化,以及它们在不同国家之间转手的文章。所以这大概也并不是完全和主题无关吧。
拆解方法
干船坞法
用干船坞拆船的时候,目标军舰会先被送入干船坞,随后从上方开始逐渐拆解。干船坞拆解可以100%回收一艘船上的物料,同时也是最环保的拆解方法。
干船坞最大的问题是成本。干船坞本身数量有限,租金也不便宜,尤其是对于本身利润就难称丰厚的拆船业来说更是如此。除了拆船,干船坞还要用于维护仍在使用的货船、民船或者军舰,预约常常会排满数个月。这意味着拆船公司从拍卖中买到军舰之后,还要凭空等到干船坞空出空位,与此同时买到的军舰持续老化,整体价值也会损失。
搁浅法
待拆解的军舰会在涨潮时,以尽可能高的速度故意冲向海滩,从而搁浅在海滩上。拆解工作在退潮时进行,从船头开始逐渐切割。前方的船体被分解之后,剩余的船体会被拖拉机继续拖到陆地的更深处,直到船尾上岸。
除了(目前而言)便宜,搁浅拆解并没有其他的好处。很明显这种拆解方法会制造大量的污染,船上掉落的碎屑和废液不是留在海滩上就是进入大海。拆船用的海滩会充满油(燃油和润滑油)、残骸和金属碎屑。这种拆解方法还非常耗时,所以只适合有廉价劳动力的拆船厂。船的一部分不可避免地会在拆解过程中损失。这也是对拆船工人而言最危险的拆解方式。
印度的阿朗是以搁浅拆解闻名于世的。土耳其的阿里亚加,以及中国和孟加拉的一些拆船厂也会使用这种方法。在二战后的美国,搁浅法并不常见,因为其他拆船方法的选择足够充分,只在实在别无他法的时候会用到搁浅拆解。
盆地法
这本质上是一种更加优雅的搁浅法。拆船工人会先在滩头挖出一道窄而浅的船槽(或曰盆地),用来把船只放入。一般这条沟会挖在相对平稳的水道附近,以避免风暴导致的风险。
带拆解的军舰由拖船推入盆地,随后拆解就可以开始了。整体上来说工序类似搁浅法,但盆地两侧较高的陆地便于使用吊车和其他重型机械,所以拆解并不一定要从船头开始。
这可能是最有效率的拆解方法。在美国,拆解二战军舰时通常使用的就是这种方法。在德克萨斯州布朗斯维尔的拆船厂几乎只使用盆地法进行船只的拆解。这比租借干船坞或者建造专用的码头要便宜,污染可以一定程度上得到控制,船在很浅的盆地里没有再次沉没的风险,而且船体可以从三个方向进行操作。
码头法/混合法
本质上这是各种拆解方法的一种组合。二战后,这种拆解方法应用广泛,尤其是在拆解战列舰这种大型船只的时候经常使用。这种方法不仅在美国流行,在欧洲更是主流的船只拆解方法。
待拆解的军舰会首先停靠在一座特殊的码头,或平台旁。这座平台上会有重型吊车,可以从舰船的上层建筑开始拆解。上层建筑拆除后是外部甲板,再然后是涡轮机、减速齿轮组之类的大型部件。
随着船只上部的部件逐渐减少,舰艏或舰尾会因为剩余部分的重量分布而翘起,使得水线附近的部分也可以从平台上进行操作。前后的重量不平衡随着拆解工作进行会来回交替,就像跷跷板一样。整个船体会越来越轻,整体的吃水也会越来越浅。
拆解到某一阶段后,剩下的船体(业内行话叫做“独木舟(canoe)”)就会被拖入盆地,或是搁浅在海滩上。随后,拆解工作便会从船头向船尾进行。随着前面的船体被逐渐拆除,船体会被钢缆继续向岸上的方向拖动。船尾被拉上陆地之后,牵引就告一段落了,剩下的只有分解拆除。
无论哪种方法,如果被拆解的船在拆解过程中需要浮在水中的话,拆解人员就必须注意保持它横纵两个方向的平衡。有些时候这些军舰在拆除过程中的样子看上去很奇怪,一些可能应该先拆的部件却留在了船上,这可能就是出于平衡的考虑。
二战船里都有什么
首先,毫无疑问的是,有大量的钢铁。拆解二战军舰的拆解商会进一步把钢铁细分成不同的种类。